America, i.e., the United States, was and is still shortsighted today, not knowing that Korea, at one time paradise of the American Evangelicals, was delivered into the hands of the Japanese imperialists as a result of the Anglo-American confrontation against Czar Russia, and in this geopolitical process, China, the land of the Great Sinitic Civilization (Barnes & Noble, Amazon, Google Play|Books and Nook Book), was made into a piggy-backed sacrificial/funereal object --the land ruled by the most evil cult called 'communism' that was an 'import' or an 'export' of Soviet Russia. America would not learn the lesson that the geopolitical actions it is taking today would yield the 'bad fruit' 50 years or 100 years down the road. America, and their British cousins, must have forgot the twenty-year Anglo-Japanese military alliance that allowed Japan to develop the warplanes and aircraft carriers to invade mainland China, not to mention the post-WWI ten-year arms embargo against Republic China and George Marshall's post-WWII arms embargo against Republic China 1946-1948. They forgot that in 1931, President Herbert Hoover gave Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria on the pretext that Japan could not tolerate a half-Bolshevik China.
TPresident Herbert Hoover gave Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria on the pretext that Japan could not tolerate a half-Bolshevik China
Earlier, in the 1920s, President Hoover, who personally nipped the post-WWI communist uprisings in Germany and Hungary with the grains embargo, fed Lenin the ingenuity, i.e., the [worldwide communist revolution] road to Paris lay through Peking. They of course forgot that after the eruption of the 1937 Sino-Japanese War, the Americans, biased towards Japan and against China, adopted a policy of "neutrality" (what Utley called by "unpositive neutrality") against the 'belligerent' countries, namely, Japan and China, which was free and unrestrained arms sale to Japan and de facto arms embargo against China. Note that the Japanese navy had a full blockade of China's coastline. Note that the blockade would choke China since China did not have an industrial base to produce the basic weapons while Japan's factories could roll out the warships and airplanes on a wholesale scale. Also note that in contrast with the Americans, the European powers, being constrained by the mediation role of the League of Nations, dared not openly sell arms to Japan. Through 1940-1941, prior to the U.S. revocation of the 1911 U.S.-Japan Commerce Treaty, the Americans were the biggest supplier of raw material, oil, aviation oil, and weapons, to the extent that some U.S. senator called by Scott making a claim that out of every one million Chinese killed by the Japanese, 544,000 Chinese were killed by the Americans. Thirty-one U.S. congressional members made a joint declaration to the effect that the U.S., not NAZI Germany, nor Italy, was the best ally of Japan.
The destiny of Russian tyranny, ... was to expand into Asia - and eventually to break in two, there, upon its own conquests.
America, the 'stars' that engendered or heralded the rise of the [Japan] 'sun', long ago had the blueprint to make Japan into a stalwart against China the source of the Yellow Peril and Russia the source of the Half-Tartars, respectively, --whom the Americans could not assimilate according to George Kennan. William Christian Bullitt Jr. (1891-1967) disclosed that the Americans' national policy or strategic aim was to see the Russians and Japanese' holding a balance of power against each other in China rather than seeing either the Russians or the Japanese overpowering the other party in taking control of China. In making this geopolitical decision, you have victimized the 1 billion humble Chinese peasants. (Note President Wilson's doctrine that the intactness of China was vital to the white civilization -- in the sense that the nation of China should be managed delicately, that is, should not be allowed to grow too powerful to pose a threat to the white civilization, nor should it be allowed to be hijacked by a non-U.S. power since China's immense human labor could be turned against the white civilization. The theme of China to the white civilization, morphing superficially into a ***hypocritical*** American national policy of engagement with Communist China for changing the Chinese communists' behavior, rested on the same underlying logic: "The China Exception: Russian Communism being wicked, the Chinese are good communists", which is an inherent fear of the Yellow Peril, i.e., billion Chinese would actually enjoy real democracy, go to college and develop their intelligence. Now, President Biden, a stooge of Communist China, explicitly abandoned the hypocritical American policy of engagement to change communist China to his imbecilic communist buddy and dictator Xi Jinping. Other than the stooge Bidens who ripped communist China's financial coffer (Tony Bobulinski FULL INTERVIEW Tucker Carlson), don't forget that President Roosevelt boasted of his family's ripping the China trade money in the 19th century, i.e., the opium trade; and President Hoover certainly got the first bin of gold from the Kai-luan coal mine in collusion with the British during the 1900-1901 boxers' incident-related invasion.)

A dictator whose daughter is in America, whose brother and sisters are naturalized citizens of Australia and Canada; a dictator who forgets monster Mao tse-tung persecuted his father; and a dictator who wants to live to 150 years old, serve the people and rip their body parts (中共全國文聯原黨組書記、副主席、原文化部副部長高占祥 （？－2022年12月9日）在北京病逝，終年87歲。中共全國政協常委、中國民主促進會中央委員會副主席朱永新，在12月11日的悼文中說，高占祥「身上的臟器換了好多，他戲稱許多零件都不是自己的了。」) Now you, as the midwife who delivered China into the communist hands, are morally obligated to take China [and North Korea {and Vietnam}] out of communism. This time, you may feel your hands forced as North Korea, with its nuclear weapons, could become Communist China's cecal appendix in a repeat of history. (The Chicoms don't understand the urgency of Trump's trade war having the roots in nuclear North Korea, nor the domino effect on North Korea and Russia after the knock-out of communist China. Putin thought he would reap profits by sitting on the fence of the U.S.-China trade war, i.e., the Zheltorossiya dream - revitalized by Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin [, and India would not be satisfied with grabbing South Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim alone]. Previously, this webmaster thought that the Americans could be hoodwinked by the Chicoms who might just sign any agreement just for sake of getting a red carpet at the White House in lieu of a visit to Mar-a-Lago. With Trump's war with Communist China flaring up, this webmaster believed that China's dictator would continue to commit blunders and became the tomb digger for the Chinese communist regime. The thuggery communists, who would not allow the millions of the Hongkong people to have autonomy, could have caused the demise of the regime over the inevitable crackdown, not knowing that the communist ascension to power had its very roots in Churchill's collusion with Roosevelt in selling out the Republic of China for sake of retaining crown jewel Hongkong after hoodwinking Wellington Koo and Chiang Kai-shek that Britain would return Hongkong to China after Japan was to surrender so as not to damage the British wartime morale. --What happened was that Putin first jumped off the fence ahead of communist China in launching an invasion of Ukraine.)
President Trump understood the China situation and the China problem. Should the American politicians follow the footsteps of Anson Burlingame (1820-1870), Paul Samuel Reinsch (1869-1923) and Patrick Jay Hurley (1883-1963), i.e., three most prominent U.S. statemen who loved China and the Chinese people, then the Chinese people could have a chance of salvation from the communist tyranny. Note the historic recurrence and the repetition of similar events: Anson Burlingame, in opposition to the anti-Chinese discriminatory whirlwinds rampant in the U.S. in the 19th century, authored the Burlingame Treaty for China and died for China in 1870 in St. Petersburg while still on the Manchu China's mission to the U.S. and Europe; Paul Samuel Reinsch, who was disillusioned by President Wilson's betrayal of China over the division of WWI spoils at the Paris Peace Conference, quit the minister-to-China job to work for China and died for China in Shanghai in 1923; and Patrick Jay Hurley, who convinced President Roosevelt of the American moral blunders in selling out the Republic of China at Tehran and Yalta, personally travelled to Moscow and London for sake of averting and reverting China's fate of becoming a victim of WWII war spoils (i.e., the loss of Port Arthur and Hong Kong, etc.), but failed to make remedy to the secret Tehran and Yalta agreements in the aftermath of President Roosevelt's death in April 1945.
For better understanding the head-on collision between the United States and Communuist China, refer to the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of the Japanese firepower during WWII, that derived from the American unpositive neutrality; the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of communist army's firepower during the 1945-1950 civil war, that derived from American-supplied Soviet August Storm weapons; and the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through Joseph Stalin, Kim Il Sung and Mao Tse-ting's hands during the 1950-1953 Korean War.
Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up !
An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction !
Donald Trump reveals he called Xi Jinping 'king'; Dreams of a Red Emperor: The relentless rise of Xi Jinping; Emperor Xi Meets Donald Trump Thought; Trump Praises Xi as China's 'President for Life' -- an imbecil leading China on a path of destruction !
More, refer to the Communist Platonic Club at wartime capital Chungking and The American Involvement in China: the Soviet Operation Snow, the I.P.R. Conspiracy, the Dixie Mission, the Stilwell Incident, the O.S.S. Scheme, the Coalition Government Crap, the Amerasia Case, & The China White Paper.

 

 
Wu [no] Wang [forgetting] Zai [at] Ju [the Ju fort]
Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up !

 
In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in AD 1279, AD 1644 & AD 1949
 
China was time and again invaded and raped by the "aliens" - whom this webmaster considered to be i) the Mongols, ii) the Manchus, and iii) the Soviet proxies, consecutively. For the future sons of China to read the following poem, see whether someone of you would revive the spirits of China, and some day do some thing to reverse the fate of China, i.e., one billion coolies and slaves toiling to death for the multinational corporations and banksters under the supervision of the 'housekeeper' - the Chinese Communists or the former Soviet proxies. (The Japanese invasion [AD 1931-1945], similar to the Jurchen invasion prior to the Mongol conquest, did not doom China as a whole as the Mongol conquest and the Soviet-ChiCom conquest subsequently did.)
 

The communists had conquered China owning to the key battle success in Manchuria, which was the result of treacheries on the part of Wei Lihuang, i.e., the government troops' commander-in-chief in Manchuria, a treachery that was comparable to Soong Dynasty prime minister Jia Sidao's abandoning to the Mongol the Xiangyang city [which was under siege for 4-5 years] and Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui's betrayal of the Mountain and Sea Pass to the Manchus.
 
Wei Lihuang, with the communist mole by his side from the days of the resistance war, overrode General Wang Tiehan's proposal and made the government army into the sitting ducks in the isolated pockets and cities of Manchuria, for the communist army to attack. Namely, Wei Lihuang allowed the communist army to take the transcendental secret manoeuvre to ship thousands of artillery to the foot of the Jinzhou city wall under the assistance of the Soviet railway army corps. General Wang Tiehan suggested that the Changchun garrison troops could break out towards Mukden to the south as intelligence had shown that the communist army had disappeared along the trunk line of Changchun-Jirin-Mukden.
Only the 52nd Corps, that was hoodwinked by Wei Lihuang into attacking towards Shenyang [i.e., Mukden] as the relief troops but impeded by the communist army halfway for lack of coordination between Wei Lihuang and the communist army, managed to return to wrestle back the Yingkou port to escape the Manchurian battleground via sea. A part of the Youth Army division, which broke out of the Mukden siege, fought its way along the Liao-xi Corridor to arrive at the Mountain and Sea Pass.
 
We don't need to remind the readers that the communist army was a motley group of mercenaries including about 250,000 ethnic-Korean Japanese Kwantung Army diehards per Kim Il-sun plus the Japanese 8th Route Army (i.e., the Japanese medical staff, airforce staff, officer corps, and tank and artillery operators), the ethnic-Taiwan Japanese Kwantung Army, the Outer Mongolian cavalry army, not counting the Soviet railway army corps. According to the Soviets, the 'railway' tag was a guise for intervening in the Chinese civil wars, namely, the cloak of secrecy under which the Soviets orchestrated the historical Soviet conquest of China to fulfill Stalin's mantle that pro-Soviet regimes must be established in all territories that the Soviet Red Army ever stepped on, no matter Europe or Asia. That is, Soviet military staff, not merely Soviet military advisers, fought the Chinese civil wars in Manchuria as the railway staff. Ivan V. Kovalev, as Stalin and All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)'s plenipotentiary to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), was sent to China for directing the civil war as a railway czar.
Ivan V. Kovalev, as Stalin and All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)'s plenipotentiary to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), was sent to China for directing the civil war as a railway czar.

George Kennan's Fallacious Disclaim of Soviet Instigation and Bankrupt 'Long' Containment View:
George Kennan naively discounted the Chinese communist revolution as "part of the Soviet system" and asserted its victory to be an exception to the Soviet "military intimidation or invasion" and not a result that could be ascribed "primarily to Soviet propaganda or instigation" (American Diplomacy, p. 119. The U of Chi Press 1951, expanded edition). George Kennan's bankrupt 'long' view as to communism was "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment", which was to seek solutions in the "historical" context, namely, the "Russian or the oriental mind" of the "Russian-Asiatic world", something the communist China twin shared, that was seemingly perceived as an innate matter that could not be overcome.
The destiny of Russian tyranny, ... was to expand into Asia - and eventually to break in two, there, upon its own conquests.
TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS;
FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE
3300 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1947 ALONE; PLUS 2000 TONS OF DIESEL, 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, 700 TONS OF EXPLOSIVES & 2000 TONS OF MACHINERY OIL
30000 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1948; PLUS 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, 5000 TONS OF KEROSINE, 3000 HEAVY WEIGHT TRUCKS & 150 ARTILLERY TRACTORS
DEATH OF MILLIONS OF YELLOW MEN, & POSSIBLY MORE IN THE FUTURE WAR AGAINST TAIWAN !!!!!
TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS; FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE. 3300 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1947 ALONE; PLUS 2000 TONS OF DIESEL, 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, 700 TONS OF EXPLOSIVES & 2000 TONS OF MACHINERY OIL TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS; FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE. 30000 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1948; PLUS 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, 5000 TONS OF KEROSINE, 3000 HEAVY WEIGHT TRUCKS & 150 ARTILLERY TRACTORS
For better understanding the head-on collision between the United States and Communist China, refer to the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of the Japanese firepower during WWII, that derived from the American unpositive neutrality and the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of communist army's firepower during the 1945-1950 civil war, that derived from American-supplied Soviet August Storm weapons.
Reference: see the writing by James Perloff China Betrayed Into Communism on Friday, 24 July 2009 at
http://www.thenewamerican.com/index.php/history/world/1464
August Storm lend-lease weapons ended up in Mao's hands.
"At the Teheran and Yalta wartime conferences, however, Roosevelt asked Stalin if he would break his pact with Japan and enter the Far East war. Stalin agreed, but attached conditions. He demanded that America completely equip his Far Eastern Army for the expedition, with 3,000 tanks, 5,000 planes, plus all the other munitions, food, and fuel required for a 1,250,000-man army. Roosevelt accepted this demand, and 600 shiploads of Lend-Lease material were convoyed to the USSR for the venture. Stalin's Far Eastern Army swiftly received more than twice the supplies we gave Chiang Kai-shek during four years as our ally.
"General Douglas MacArthur protested after discovering that ships designated to supply his Pacific forces were being diverted to Russia. Major General Courtney Whitney wrote: 'One hundred of his transport ships were to be withdrawn immediately, to be used to carry munitions and supplies across the North Pacific to the Soviet forces in Vladivostok.... Later, of course, they were the basis of Soviet military support of North Korea and Red China.'
TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS; FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE.
TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS; FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE.
TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS; FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE.
TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS; FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE.
TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS; FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE.

* In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in AD 1279, AD 1644 & AD 1949 *
Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up !
At the time [when China fell under the alien rule], refusing to be slaves,
[our ancestors] died as broken jades rather than being alive as an intact tile.
Tears, which tasted like the sea water, dripping down [the face] one by one,
For [China] the star [that fell from the sky] had been down [at the bottom of the sea] for 800 years.
Sons, please do not get saddened in the hearts,
For as the flowers did, they blossom when the spring returns.
When the [hegemony lord] Xianggong's swear is to be revived again,
The sorrow of the Flowery Xia Chinese would be soothed.
Wu [no] Wang [forgetting] Zai [at] Ju [the Ju fort]

 
 
* In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們，聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛！
U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

* Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
Jeanne d'Arc of China:
Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

 

The communists had conquered China owning to the key battle success in Manchuria, which was the result of treacheries on the part of Wei Lihuang, i.e., the government troops' commander-in-chief in Manchuria, a treachery that was comparable to Soong Dynasty prime minister Jia Sidao's abandoning to the Mongol the Xiangyang city [which was under siege for 4-5 years] and Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui's betrayal of the Mountain and Sea Pass to the Manchus.
 
Wei Lihuang, with the communist mole by his side from the days of the resistance war, overrode General Wang Tiehan's proposal and made the government army into the sitting ducks in the isolated pockets and cities of Manchuria, for the communist army to attack. Namely, Wei Lihuang allowed the communist army to take the transcendental secret manoeuvre to ship thousands of artillery to the foot of the Jinzhou city wall under the assistance of the Soviet railway army corps. General Wang Tiehan suggested that the Changchun garrison troops could break out towards Mukden to the south as intelligence had shown that the communist army had disappeared along the trunk line of Changchun-Jirin-Mukden.
Only the 52nd Corps, that was hoodwinked by Wei Lihuang into attacking towards Shenyang [i.e., Mukden] as the relief troops but impeded by the communist army halfway for lack of coordination between Wei Lihuang and the communist army, managed to return to wrestle back the Yingkou port to escape the Manchurian battleground via sea. A part of the Youth Army division, which broke out of the Mukden siege, fought its way along the Liao-xi Corridor to arrive at the Mountain and Sea Pass.
 
We don't need to remind the readers that the communist army was a motley group of mercenaries including about 250,000 ethnic-Korean Japanese Kwantung Army diehards per Kim Il-sun plus the Japanese 8th Route Army (i.e., the Japanese medical staff, airforce staff, officer corps, and tank and artillery operators), the ethnic-Taiwan Japanese Kwantung Army, the Outer Mongolian cavalry army, not counting the Soviet railway army corps. According to the Soviets, the 'railway' tag was a guise for intervening in the Chinese civil wars, namely, the cloak of secrecy under which the Soviets orchestrated the historical Soviet conquest of China to fulfill Stalin's mantle that pro-Soviet regimes must be established in all territories that the Soviet Red Army ever stepped on, no matter Europe or Asia. That is, Soviet military staff, not merely Soviet military advisers, fought the Chinese civil wars in Manchuria as the railway staff. Ivan V. Kovalev, as Stalin and All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)'s plenipotentiary to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), was sent to China for directing the civil war as a railway czar.
Ivan V. Kovalev, as Stalin and All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)'s plenipotentiary to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), was sent to China for directing the civil war as a railway czar.

George Kennan's Fallacious Disclaim of Soviet Instigation and Bankrupt 'Long' Containment View:
George Kennan naively discounted the Chinese communist revolution as "part of the Soviet system" and asserted its victory to be an exception to the Soviet "military intimidation or invasion" and not a result that could be ascribed "primarily to Soviet propaganda or instigation" (American Diplomacy, p. 119. The U of Chi Press 1951, expanded edition). George Kennan's bankrupt 'long' view as to communism was "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment", which was to seek solutions in the "historical" context, namely, the "Russian or the oriental mind" of the "Russian-Asiatic world", something the communist China twin shared, that was seemingly perceived as an innate matter that could not be overcome.
The destiny of Russian tyranny, ... was to expand into Asia - and eventually to break in two, there, upon its own conquests.

 

In the spring of 1945, the Chinese communists, prior to the Soviets' non-renewal or nullification of the 13 April 1941 neutrality treaty with Japan, had debated among themselves as to the next move but were split about Stalin's possible move, namely, whether the Soviets would renew the treaty with Japan or not, with communist Chen Yi giving Jack Service a so-called [explorative] "Manchuria Plan", a document that some undercover American communist in the American military delegation had destroyed to help cover up the so-called communist masterplan --something Jack Service cited as his loyalty before the McCarthy inquisition committee in the 1950s. It would be at the turn of September-October of 1945, when Mao was in Chungking for the peace talks, that communist deputy chief Liu Shaoqi changed Mao's southern advance masterplan to the Manchuria plan.
 
The Communist party committee for the Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning regions, at a meeting held in the Fenglunxian County, purportedly made a decision to dispatch to Manchuria 8 regiments, 1 battalion, and two contingents, totaling 13,000 men or 2/3rd of the regional force, to be commanded by four commanders for military sub-districts, four CCP regional secretaries and 2500 cadres. Li Yunchang, i.e., commander-in-chief of the Hebei-Rehe-Liaoning district, was put in charge of the "Eastward March Work Committee". In late Aug, the 14th, troops of the 15th & 16th military sub-districts under Li Yunchang exited the passes of the Great Wall for Manchuria. Zeng Kelin & Tang Kai, with the 12th & 18th regiments, the Korean contingent & Lin Fuchang's contingent, circumvented the Shanhaiguan Pass by exiting the Jiumenkou gate. Zeng Kelin had only four companies' strength, not a regiment. Upon meeting the Soviet Red Army, Zeng Kelin's ragged communist army herald troops were disarmed by the Soviets as bandits. Li Yunchang, in late 1945, suffered a complete debacle in the hands of the nationalist 52nd Corps and the 13th Corps, with his 40,000 strong communist army reduced to 5000 men after the Battle of Jinzhou. (Don't get obfuscated by the fake number of 1.2 million communist troops [such as Li Yunchang's ragtag puppets-staffed 40,000 troops which were reduced to 5000 men after the 1945 Battle of Jinzhou], that Mao wanted Chiang Kai-shek to reorganize into 16th corps or 48 divisions at the Chungking peace conference.)

Zeng Kelin joined the Red Army as a sixteen-year kid in the late 1920s. Li Yunchang was a Hebei-Jehol native who was recommended to the Whampoa Academy by Li Dazhao, lost contact with the communists after a brief arrest during the KMT-CCP split of 1927, and returned to the hometown where he reconnected with the communists prior to the 1937 Japanese invasion. In another word, Li Yunchang was part of the communist cells related to the 1936 Japanese "anti-communist" puppet government in Tongzhou. Li Yunchang, like communist Tao Zhu, was rounded up as part of the communist elements in the Whampoa Academy. It appeared that the communists safely left the Whampoa Island rather than being machine-gunned down as the communist propaganda stated. Before the communists launched the Canton Mutiny, over one hundred communist Whampoa cadets, including Tao Zhu, escaped prison after some clandestine manipulation to get the hundred plus captives transferred to the city from the Whampoa Island.)
 
The Korean contingent, which was later renamed to the Li Hongguang Detachment, was named after a Korean communist who died in 1935, possibly hinting at the members of this force to be consisting of part of the Korean Restoration Army that was steered to the communist side by the American O.S.S. What could have happened was that the cadres of the Korean Restoration [Liberation] Army, now controlling the "Li Hongguang [Korean] Detachment", were to become the military leaders of 250,000 Korean mercenaries, i.e., 250,000 ethnic-Korean Japanese Kwantung Army diehards or the prisoners of war repatriated to North Korea from Siberia, with 60,000-70,000 survivors to return to Korea in 1950 to be the driving force for the invasion of South Korea, namely, the ultimate Yenan faction that Kim Il-sung destroyed in the late 1950s for consolidating the Kim Dynasty. Stalin, in addition to sorting out the 250,000 Korean puppet army troops, had sent all Taiwan-ethnic Japanese Kwantung Army soldiers to Mao Tse-tung. The end result was that the Korean-ethnic and Taiwan-ethnic Japanese army manned the artilleries and tanks against the Republic of China. How ironic it was.
 
Note that the Jehol area used to be the guerrilla army under Youth Party leader Zhao Tong who fought against the Japanese since 1931-1932. To prevent Zhao Tong's Jehol Vanguard Army, about 200-300 men and women, from returning to Jehol from Chungking, the communist armies, with advance information from communist leader Zhou Enlai who superficially participated in the farewell ceremony for the march of the vanguard army in Chungking, pooled resources all over the military districts including Heh Long's communist army from northwestern Shanxi and Suiyuan area, and ambushed and eliminated the vanguard army in the tri-provincial area of Shanxi-Henan-Hebei around the turn of 1939-1940. The communists, in the Chahar-Suiyuan area and around Mt. Daqingshan [the great green mountain], had conducted similar horrifying campaign against the patriotic guerrilla forces, including the fire attack that killed a 90-year-old former Northeastern Cavalry Army corps commander and his guerrilla army, and furthermore attacked and eliminated KMT party operator Chen Jianzhong's party-directly-controlled guerrilla forces and all couriers who were sent through the communist-controlled territories of Shanxi-Shenxi, with Chen Jianzhong being the sole survivor to return to Chungking in disguise.
 
According to Liu Tong, a professor at the Chinese Communists' army college in Peking, the CPC troops, when exiting the Sea and Mountain Pass at the end of 1945, possessed the following weapons: 39641 rifles, 1139 light machine guns, 105 heavy machine guns, 59 grenade launchers, and 64 mortar, and almost no heavy weapons such as howitzers, tanks, aircraft, ... nothing. A few months later, the communist army acquired 160,881 rifles, 4033 light machine guns, 749 heavy machine guns, and a variety of artillery pieces numbering 556. (The number of 39641 rifles, being like one fourth of the total 140,000 broken guns that Mao Tse-tung initially said he had at the Chungking peace talks, were not for the Jehol military district but the total communist armies sent to Manchuria, including the 8RA and N4C armies that crossed the sea to Manchuria from the Shandong peninsula. After eight years' war, what a sham the communist army was in merely possession of 39641 rifles.)
 
In late September of 1945, when Zeng Kelin's herald communist troops, a small force of four companies from the Jehol district, exited the Sea and Mountain Pass and arrived in Shenyang [Mukden], the Soviet Army had transferred arsenals in Shenyang, Fushun, Liaoyang, Benxi and other places, in addition to the military clothing warehouses. The Soviets handed over to Zeng Kelin's communist army the largest of the Japanese Kwantung Army depot in Sujiatun. After a protest from the R.O.C., the Soviet Army in late September had a temporary freeze order on these warehouses. However, Zeng Kelin's communist army still managed to ship out of the warehouses 20,000 rifles, 1000 light machine guns, and 156 various artillery pieces. Zeng Kelin's forerunner Communist force, i.e., four companies, developed into 4000 soldiers in a matter of one week after arrival at the Shenyang city, and moreover, absorbed over 10,000 puppet constabulary forces; about 10000-20000 coolies, who were formerly captives from the Chinese armies, were organized into the guerrilla columns for entry into the Changchun city; in Shenyang, Zeng Kelin reported that weapon depots were packed with 100,000 guns and thousands of cannons; and the puppet Manchukuo forces were in waiting mode for re-organization. (The communist army, of course, was totally destroyed after the Battle of Siping-jie, with the puppet Manchuria army and constabulary troops defecting to the government side en masse. The communists had to launch a bloody land reform to reorganize an army in 1947, plus requesting for reinforcements with Kim Il-sun [who in his memoirs claimed to have supplied altogether 250,000 Koreans to the Chinese civil war].)
 
In a matter of months, the various communist units, before and after, had a net gain of more than 120,000 rifles, 3,500 light machine guns, thousands of grenade launchers, and a variety of artillery in the amount of 492 pieces. The continuous Soviet military supplies not only equipped the communists in Manchuria, but also lent support to the follow-up communist forces, local communist guerrillas, as well as the communist army units in the "liberated" areas [in China proper]. Zeng Kelin's communist army in October 1945 pulled out of the warehouses for delivery to [Wang Zheng's] 359th Brigade [in Yenan - should be part of Li Xiannian's Central Plains communist army in Henan, that got wiped out in early 1947 while attempting a breakout under the kmt-ccp-u.s.a. truce monitoring], the communist army in central Shandong and eastern Shandong, the 1st Teaching Brigade from Yan'an and other troops. Over the sea, the communists shipped to Longkou of Shandong a batch of weapons, ammunition, of which there were 500 million rounds of ammunition, and artillery shells. On September 21, 1945, the CCP Central [in Yenan] reported to the Chongqing delegation [i.e., Mao Tse-tung], stating that Nie Rongzhen's Jin-Cha-Ji District had telegrams stating that the Soviet-Mongol armies, before pulling out of Chahar [[and of course Jehol - my addition]] that was scheduled for the end of the month, had transferred and would transfer some military goods to me [i.e., the communists], and promised to provide assistance to me [i.e., the communists] in the future. There were quite some telegrams from Nie Rongzhen's Jin-Cha-Ji District and the Shanxi-Suiyuan communists to the effect that they had acquired weapons from the Soviet Army. As Zeng Kelin recalled, in September and October 1945, his [communist] unit had more than once shipped massive amount of weapons and ammunition, from Shenyang and Jinzhou [in Manchuria], to the communist brotherly forces within the Sea and Mountain Pass and the communist forces of Shandong [i.e., Chen Yi and Su Yu's communist army].
TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS;
FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE
3300 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1947 ALONE; PLUS 2000 TONS OF DIESEL, 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, 700 TONS OF EXPLOSIVES & 2000 TONS OF MACHINERY OIL
30000 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1948; PLUS 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, 5000 TONS OF KEROSINE, 3000 HEAVY WEIGHT TRUCKS & 150 ARTILLERY TRACTORS
DEATH OF MILLIONS OF YELLOW MEN, & POSSIBLY MORE IN THE FUTURE WAR AGAINST TAIWAN !!!!!
For better understanding the head-on collision between the United States and Communuist China, refer to the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of the Japanese firepower during WWII, that derived from the American unpositive neutrality and the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of communist army's firepower during the 1945-1950 civil war, that derived from American-supplied Soviet August Storm weapons.
Reference: see the writing by James Perloff China Betrayed Into Communism on Friday, 24 July 2009 at
http://www.thenewamerican.com/index.php/history/world/1464
August Storm lend-lease weapons ended up in Mao's hands.
"At the Teheran and Yalta wartime conferences, however, Roosevelt asked Stalin if he would break his pact with Japan and enter the Far East war. Stalin agreed, but attached conditions. He demanded that America completely equip his Far Eastern Army for the expedition, with 3,000 tanks, 5,000 planes, plus all the other munitions, food, and fuel required for a 1,250,000-man army. Roosevelt accepted this demand, and 600 shiploads of Lend-Lease material were convoyed to the USSR for the venture. Stalin's Far Eastern Army swiftly received more than twice [should be 5-10 times] the supplies we gave Chiang Kai-shek during four years as our ally.
"General Douglas MacArthur protested after discovering that ships designated to supply his Pacific forces were being diverted to Russia. Major General Courtney Whitney wrote: 'One hundred of his transport ships were to be withdrawn immediately, to be used to carry munitions and supplies across the North Pacific to the Soviet forces in Vladivostok.... Later, of course, they were the basis of Soviet military support of North Korea and Red China.'





The pseudo-encyclopedia website like wikipedia also made the fallacious claim that would make the Chinese communists laugh to the teeth: "However, the nearly nonexistent Soviet help proved not to be a problem for the Communists; in the meantime, the huge Communist need was filled by an unexpected source: their adversaries, the Nationalists. Due to the fatal mistake the Nationalists made in their demilitarization, the Communists were able to pinpoint nearly every Japanese secret depot with the help of former Nationalist troops in their ranks, and the total amount of Japanese weaponry recovered was enough to sustain the Communists for 2 years before relying on captured American weaponry from the Nationalists in the later stage of the war. For example, a single secret depot typically contained as much as 150,000 artillery rounds. By February 1947, hundreds of artillery pieces were recovered by the communists, including: 49 howitzers, 300 heavy mortars, 137 anti-aircraft artilleries, 141 anti-tank guns, 108 mountain guns, 97 cannons, and many other smaller artillery pieces, almost one-third of the Nationalist weaponry."
 
During the peace talks, Mao Tse-tung initially mentioned that he had 140000 to 150000 broken guns --which was exactly what VLADIMIROV DIARIES had repeatedly tallied about the communist strength of a little over 300,000 men at the time Japan surrendered. After receiving the telegrams from Liu Shaoqi in regards to the massive Soviet military assistance, Mao Tse-tung changed tune about the communist army's real strength at the Chungking peace talk meetings. Mao Tse-tung also concurred with Liu Shaoqi about changing Mao's grand strategy of re-launching the Soviet enclaves in southern China to go full in to Manchuria.
 
Mao Tse-tung, at one time, agreed to contract to 28 divisions instead of 12 divisions [which they possessed on paper only, as we already pierced the myth that the Communists ever possessed 300,000+ troops at the time of the Japanese surrender], but later demanded that he maintained 48 divisions and that the Nationalist Government provide the funding. Mao Tse-tung further demanded that in the CCP-"liberated" areas, the CCP had the right to recommend their men for the jobs like provincial governor, county magistrate and city mayor. Without reaching agreements on the "united military command" and the "united administrative orders", Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Tse-tung reached a "Double Tenth" (Oct 10th, 1945) Agreement requiring that the KMT discontinue "xun zheng' (i.e., the KMT supervised administration) and convene a political consultative meeting for "xian zheng" (i.e., the constitutional government). Later, when the national assembly was held to return the rule to the constitutional government, the Chinese communists refused to join the election. (FYI: Mao Tse-tung's claim of 1.2 million Communist forces was a crap. The Communists did not have a third of it until well after the Japanese surrender in 1945. The only motive of exaggerating the fake number would be to claim a non-existent Mandate, i.e., support from the peasants, which was fallacious since the Jiangxi Soviet of the 1930s. The popular claim of 900k regular and 2 million irregular was made up as well. At the end, when Japan surrendered, the communists possessed an army of merely 300,000 and the total number of 140,000 rotten guns --Mao's words. Don't get obfuscated by the fake number of 1.2 million communist troops [such as Li Yunchang's ragtag puppets-staffed 40,000 troops which were reduced to 5000 men after the 1945 Battle of Jinzhou], that Mao wanted Chiang Kai-shek to reorganize into 16th corps or 48 divisions at the Chungking peace conference. The Soviet archives, which tracked the actual Chinese communist army headcounts throughout the 1920s to 1940s, had the real numbers that pierced the fabricated myth.)
 
The Communists declined Chiang Kai-shek's demand for the "united military command" and the "united administrative orders", claiming that they were for the 'peace' and 'democracy' while Chiang Kai-shek intended for the 'civil war' and 'dictatorship'. Mao Tse-tung merely agreed to concession of the Communist-controlled untenable guerrilla enclave areas of Guangdong Province, Zhejiang Province, southern Jiangsu Province, central Anhui Province, southern Anhui Province, Hunan Province, Hubei Province and Henan Province. Militarily, Mao Tse-tung agreed to compress to 48 and consecutively 43 divisions, so that the Communist forces would be amounting to 1/6th and consecutively 1/7th the size of 263 government troops divisions. Chiang Kai-shek stated that they intended to compress the army to 120 divisions, but the Communists refused to lower to 20 divisions.
 
While Marshall was scheming to impose an arms embargo against the Republic of China, the Soviets hastened up their military support for the Chinese communists. On May 20, 1946, the CCP Northeast Bureau reported to the CCP Central that the Soviet Russian Army firmly supported the communist Northeast Field Army to make a stand at Siping, for a duel, and they had directed the Soviet Army in [North] Korea to render the immediate emergency shipment of ammunition [to the Chinese Communist armies], and further suggested that the Chinese Communists, for taking off the pressure of the government troops' assault [on Siping and] within the Northeast, [proactively - I added] launch the battlefields within the China proper, organize the maritime transport for the delivery of weapons and ammunition to the Shandong peninsula from the northeast. The Soviets claimed that no matter how much weapons and ammunition the Chinese Communists demand, they would be satisfied. Immediately afterwards, the Soviet Army in Communist North Korea provided the first batch of weapons and ammunition to the communist North China Field Army. On May 28, 1946, the first batch of 82 light machine guns, 32 heavy machine guns, 43 million rounds of ammunition and one million boxes of explosives and a large number of electrical materials, were shipped to Shandong over the sea. Already in early June to late in the month, there were three deliveries. Afterwards, the delivery became more frequent, the numbers even greater. By August, the rifles had reached tens of thousands, up to thousands of machine guns, and at the height [until August 1946], the Soviet Army in North Korea provided hundreds of train carriages of weapons and ammunition.
Two American Loans Prior to the War:
The Roosevelt government, which was hijacked by the leftists and communists, deliberately avoided helping China on the excuse that any aid to China would be to help Chiang Kai-shek with fighting the civil war against the Red Army. Throughout the 1930s, there were only two loans:
  • In 1931, there was a customs-revenue-securitized loan of 9 million USD dollars to purchase wheat [Young, p. 49] for alleviating the Yangtze Flood disaster; and
  • in 1933, there was a cotton and wheat loan of US$50 million, actually a credit offered by the Americans for boosting the American Agricultural Price, which China had to cut down to 10 million from the original 40 million on the cotton component due to hyper-price set in the unfavorable terms of trade.

    Throughout the first part of the 20th century, the Americans never bothered to provide aid to China, with Paul Reinsch, i.e., American minister to China, circumventing the Morgan house-controlled consortium to liaison with the Chicago banks for loaning money to China. The Morgan house, a lackey of the Japanese imperialists, had deflected the China financing on the pretext of not offending Japan. Note that Paul Samuel Reinsch, who was disllusioned by President Wilson's betrayal of China over the division of WWI spoils at the Paris Peace Conference, quit the minister-to-China job to work for China and died for China in Shanghai in 1923. (There are many kinds of Americans, like those sharing the British colonial and colonoialist sentiments, like those who were Soviet spies, like those who unconsciously worked as the communist fellow travelers, and like those [Kerr] who despised Chiang Kai-shek's background and personality. There are last two categories, i.e., missionary Americans and true sympathizers of the Chinese cause, including John Birch who devoted his life to the missionary duty in China and whose aspiration was to preach Lord Jesus Christ's gospels in Tibet and Chinese Turkestan. Till we fully appreciate the help of good-hearted and sympathetic Americans such as Anson Burlingame, Paul Samuel Reinsch, Patrick Jay Hurley, Claire Lee Chennault, Milton Miles and Albert Wedemeyer, Arthur Young, and John Birch, and build the ever-lasting and eternal monuments in remembrance of them, there would not be another American who would follow their footsteps.)
    President Trump understood the China situation and the China problem. Should the American politicians follow the footsteps of Anson Burlingame (1820-1870), Paul Samuel Reinsch (1869-1923) and Patrick Jay Hurley (1883-1963), i.e., three most prominent U.S. statemen who loved China and the Chinese people, then the Chinese people could have a chance of salvation from the communist tyranny. Note the historic recurrence and the repetition of similar events: Anson Burlingame, in opposition to the anti-Chinese discriminatory whirlwinds rampant in the U.S. in the 19th century, authored the Burlingame Treaty for China and died for China in 1870 in St. Petersburg while still on the Manchu China's mission to the U.S. and Europe; Paul Samuel Reinsch, who was disillusioned by President Wilson's betrayal of China over the division of WWI spoils at the Paris Peace Conference, quit the minister-to-China job to work for China and died for China in Shanghai in 1923; and Patrick Jay Hurley, who convinced President Roosevelt of the American moral blunders in selling out the Republic of China at Tehran and Yalta, personally travelled to Moscow and London for sake of averting and reverting China's fate of becoming a victim of WWII war spoils (i.e., the loss of Port Arthur and Hong Kong, etc.), but failed to make remedy to the secret Tehran and Yalta agreements in the aftermath of President Roosevelt's death in April 1945.
    For better understanding the head-on collision between the United States and Communuist China, refer to the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of the Japanese firepower during WWII, that derived from the American unpositive neutrality; the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of communist army's firepower during the 1945-1950 civil war, that derived from American-supplied Soviet August Storm weapons; and the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through Joseph Stalin, Kim Il Sung and Mao Tse-ting's hands during the 1950-1953 Korean War.
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up !
    An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction !
    Donald Trump reveals he called Xi Jinping 'king'; Dreams of a Red Emperor: The relentless rise of Xi Jinping; Emperor Xi Meets Donald Trump Thought; Trump Praises Xi as China's 'President for Life' -- an imbecil leading China on a path of destruction !

    Pre-lend-lease Amounts:
  • On Oct 25th, 1938, the U.S. approved a barter trade in loaning China a loan of 20 million U.S. dollars after dispelling any doubt of a quick fall of Chiang Kai-shek's government. U.S. finance minister Morgenthau pressured the State Department, which were hijacked by the British hands and the Soviet agents, into accepting this barter by emphasizing the need of becoming China's friend like the [Soviet] Russians --who schemed to provoke the Sino-Japanese War to make China into a blood pool to tie down Japan, an exact word used by Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov in his memoirs to describe the effect of the Sino-Japanese War on the Soviet Union. On Dec 15th, the U.S. Import & Export Bank officially cut the loan of 25 million to China. Five days later, Britain followed through with an offer of 500,000 pounds equivalent of amount from a credit line to China for purchasing trucks in the transport of tung oil on the Sino-Burmese Highway. After the eruption of the European War, China obtained a second batch of the "tung oil" loan on March 7th, 1940, with the collateral requirement of China's tin ore. From March 1939 to Aug 1941, China exported tung oil via the primitive transport tools to Haikou for selling to the U.S. as a means of exchanging 33 million U.S. dollars worth of machinery parts.
  • In Feb 1940, the U.S.-China signed a second barter agreement for Yunnan-Guangxi Provinces' tin ore in exchange for a loan of 20 million U.S. dollars. In Feb 1940, the U.S.-China signed a second barter agreement for the Yunnan-Guangxi Provinces' tin ore in exchange for a loan of 20 million U.S. dollars. The "tin" barter agreement was valued at 20 million U.S. dollars at 4% interest rate, with the collateral of 40,000 tons of tin to be sold to the U.S. with a timeline of seven years. The designated purpose of the 'tin' agreement was non-military.
  • China also exported Guizhou Province's mercury to the U.S.
  • The ultimate American intervention in China in March 1940, i.e., the Americans' hastily giving Chiang Kai-shek a badly-needed loan, would be to prevent Japan and China from reaching a truce after Chiang Kai-shek deliberately spread a rumor that his Chongqing (Chungking) government could merge with the puppet Nanking government. On April 1st, 1940, a promise of 50 million U.S. dollars for balancing the foreign exchange rate with the Chinese currency Plus another loan of 50,000,000 US dollars.
  • In September 1940, the tungsten was also included in the barter trade with the U.S., with a 25 million U.S. dollars' barter agreement signed, in exchange for the U.S. selling to China 45000 pistols.
     
    Unpositive Neutrality
    Through 1940-1941, prior to the U.S. revocation of the 1911 U.S.-Japan Commerce Treaty, the Americans were the biggest supplier of raw material, oil, aviation oil, and weapons to Japan, to the extent that some U.S. senator called by Scott making a claim that out of every one million Chinese killed by the Japanese, 544,000 Chinese were killed by the Americans. Thirty-one U.S. congressional members made a joint declaration to the effect that the U.S., not NAZI Germany, nor Italy, was the best ally of Japan. (From 1937 to 1945, 21,000,000 Chinese lost their lives, among whom about 3.8 million were soldiers, officers and generals. General consensus of total death toll could amount to 38 million, including possibly millions of Chinese prisoners of war who were killed by the Japanese army.)
     
    From 1937 to 1938, the U.S. provided 290 million U.S. dollars worth of war materials to Japan under the Neutrality Act, with 190 million alone in year 1939. After the outbreak of the 1937 war, the U.S. supplied 18 million U.S. dollars worth of war planes to Japan, seven times more than the planes' sale in 1937. Another 190 million U.S. dollars worth of war materials were sold to Japan in 1940. Prior to the U.S. revocation of the U.S.-Japan commerce treaty on Jan 26, 1940, Japan organized six procurement delegations to the U.S. and obtained 500 million U.S. dollars worth of supplies from the U.S., including 36 million U.S. dollars' moulding-tool "master machine" equipment for manufacturing the artillery and other heavy military equipment. In August 1940 alone, over 300,000 tons of U.S. scrap irons and raw irons were sold to Japan. In 1941, the U.S. sold to Japan 131% more petrol oil to Japan than in 1940, which was to say that the Japanese planes that bombed the Pearl Harbor used the U.S.-made petrol oil. Altogether, prior to the Pearl Harbor attack [which ensued from the U.S. freezing the Japan assets and ordering the oil embargo on July 25, 1941, i.e., the Soviet Snow Operation orchestrated by Harry Dexter White], the U.S. provided at least 1 billion U.S. dollars worth of supplies to Japan, including scrap irons, steel, special steel (alloy steel), nickle, cabalt, tungsten, chemicals, etc., with 70% for the military purpose.
     
    Before the war, the U.S. provided Japan with 181 million U.S. dollars worth of weapons and arsenals to meet Japan's purported 1937-1942 six-year war plan against the Soviet Union.
     
    The Lend-lease, & the Inverse Lend-lease
    The actual American lend-lease amounts:
    US$26 million (1941, mostly squandered in Burma in the aftermath of the Japanese invasion),
    US$100 million (1942),
    US$49 million (1943), and
    US$53 million (1944). (Numbers were from Arthur Young, economic adviser to the Republic of China and one of the few Americans who harbored true sympathy with China and the Chinese people. The total pre-1944 lend-lease amounts were less than the Soviet aid of 250 million, a generosity from Stalin who designed the strategy to provoke the Sino-Japanese War to make China into a blood pool to tie down Japan, an exact word used by Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov in his memoirs to describe the effect of the Sino-Japanese War on the Soviet Union.)
     
    The American aid to China was completely sabotaged by i) the colonialists and ii) the communists inside of the U.S. government. The American Production Mission to China was not set up until September '44. Per Edwin Locke, "Well, the problem had just never been attended to before, for one thing; and for another, we were just getting into a position where militarily we could supply a lot more help to China. You see, China was at the end of the line before; she was almost an orphan, and we didn't do very much more than maintain Chennault and his hundred airplanes there in South China, until we began building big bomber bases in China for bombing Japan. China then began to assume a great deal more importance. I think this is your reason..."
     
    Rather receiving any benefits from the lend lease, the Chinese side had spent enormous resource on supporting the American operation. The airfields completely bankrupted China's wartime finance and led to spiraling inflation from 1942 to 1945, which replayed again from 1947 to 1949 when George Marshall left China. Wellington Koo's memoirs often talked about some amount related to the INVERSE LEND LEASE, an amount that the Americans owed to China. Wellington Koo, throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, were constantly working with the Americans to balance out the dollar amount of aid from the Americans and the dollar amount of the support that R.O.C. provided to the Americans.
     
    Communist China's Social Science Academy chief Liu Da'nian acknowledged that Chiang Kai-shek received no more than 0.6 billion in aid. The actual number won't be more than 0.2 to 0.3 billion, including the 0.125 Billion from the 1948 China Aid Act which rolled over to the "China Area Aid", to be squandered in Indochina in the 1950s and 1960s, instead.
     
    For the year 1945 to the V-J Day: US$642 million.
    (This is on basis of Utley's citation of the U.S. number of approximately $870,000,000 up to V-J Day, deducted by Young's numbers of $228 million from 1941 to 1944.)
    For the time period from the V-J Day to the end of February 1946: US$600 million (mostly the transportation costs).
    (This is on basis of Utley's citation of the U.S. number. Out of the above ambiguous post-1944 U.S. numbers, Utley deducted:
    $335.8 million represented by the cost of repatriating the Japanese and accepting their surrender;
    $100 million worth of the "surplus" United States stocks sold to China in 1946, 40 per cent consisting of the quartermaster supplies, and only $3 million consisting of the small-arms and ammunition. As pointed out by Utley, the largest single item in Acheson's total of $797.7 million of military aid was the "services and expenses" amounting to $335.8 million, and listed under the heading of "Postwar Lend-Lease.")
     
    The American Involvement in China: the Soviet Operation Snow, the IPR Conspiracy, the Dixie Mission, the Stilwell Incident, the OSS Scheme, the Coalition Government Crap, the Amerasia Case, & The China White Paper [Modified : Monday, 25-Feb-2013 22:00:00 EST]

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    Written by Ah Xiang